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Author's Note: Dear reader - I sincerely hope the following causes your mind to be both "socked" and "doubt" infested. After-all, you are not paying me for a service and I am not selling you any wares. Of course, we could dance this dance - as the internet is default set for commercial endeavour - but Ch'an is not that easy. It would be easy for you to give me money (and purchase my compliance) - but it is not so easy to permanently give away your greed, hatred, and delusion, ad clearly show me the empty mind ground. This is why the Ch'an Masters of old resorted to shock-tactics - a shout or a blow - as these actions "halted" the routine thought processes. Today, particularly with regards to writing, the same effect is achieved through the profane treatment of concepts. Fred, for instance, based his entire theory on a defunked (evolutionary) understanding of the development of the foetus in the womb - and when he was told about this - he refused to admit his mistake as his theory had already gained traction in the commercial and academic world. Freud, of course, was Jung's teacher. Becoming entangled in the thing the Buddha advocates becoming untangled from - is not the purpose of Ch'an training. Neither is making you feel "nice" about random words written upon a page. And here we are. ACW (31.10.2025) Having studied with Richard Hunn, I was introduced to Richard Wilhelm’s extraordinary translation of the Book of Changes (I Ching) – which I later learned was originally rendered into Wilhelm’s native German – as the “I Ging”. What were we actually reading? Well, it turned-out that the English translation of Wilhem’s work is in fact a transliteration of his original German version. This might explain why Wilhelm quotes Carl Jung – who was also an ethnic German - although this time born in Switzerland. This is the pathway through which many of us in the West were introduced to Jungian thinking – which I did study for a number of years (although never officially). Richard Hunn had travelled to Zurich as he had been granted permission by Jung’s family to read Jung’s handwritten pages (omitted from his biography) that state he believed that rebirth might be real. His family asked for these pages to be removed as they felt such an idea might negatively impact his more scientific-thinking. Many years later, and after reading Frank J Sulloway’s excellent book entitled “Freud Biologist of the Mind – Beyond the Psychoanalytical Legend” – as well as many similar tomes – I realised just how off the mark this type of (psycho-therapeutic) thinking was - and remains. Yes – such approaches to analysing the mind might assist some people with the negative aspects pertaining to their thought and emotional processes – but such schematics do little more than this. From a Buddhist perspective, it is the “balancing” of the delusional mind-set – or that way of looking at things that aligns greed, hatred, and delusion without ever questioning the presence or validity of these self-defeating entities. Placing aside the scientific issues arising from many of these psychological systems – the fact remains that the “delusional” mind-set as defined by the Buddha is a priori taken as “normal” and beyond any notion of “uprooting” or “transcendence”. Furthermore, linking mind development to commerce adds yet another layer of complication to a process that the Buddha taught free of monetary charge (the cost of training in the authentic Dharma requires a strict self-discipline). Can this type of expedient psychological training be useful? Yes – given that all the conditions are met which produces such an outcome. But here is the massive contradiction to all this. Whereas a Buddhist Master (at least in the Chinese Ch’an tradition) must have attained a confirmed enlightenment before any teaching is undertaken – a psychotherapist can offer counselling when he or she possesses no more or no less mental stability than the next deluded individual. Simply paying for a course of academic training does not guarantee any profound or permanent alteration in the mind of the successful student. This is why many successful academics, even after years of successful teaching (or counselling in the case of psychologists), still retire to isolated Buddhist Temples to eventually get to grips with the greed, hatred, and delusion that continuously plagues their minds. An individual must think for themselves – so that they can permanently “stop” the thought processes on their own and through their own efforts – when given a proper meditative method to work with. This Dharma-process has nothing to do with money or status. Indeed, realising the empty mind ground is perhaps the lonliest undertaking in the world – and so it should be. If Jung had truly realised this understanding, then he would have known that rebirth simultaneously “exists”, “does not exist”, “exists and does not exist”, and “neither exists and does not exist”. There's nothing difficult about that to understand - now is there?
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The point is to realise the empty mind ground – here and now – and not be distracted by other thoughts that would divert the practitioner away from this vital objective. On the one hand, there is the cycle of the external world, which quite often requires a type of timed ritualistic behaviour, and then there is the imminant need to focus the attention firmly within, and directly perceive the all-embracing empty mind ground. Which is it to be, outer convention or inner revolution? For Ch’an, the direction is clear – nothing else matters other than the realisation of the empty mind ground. This is the caee despite all living Ch’an Masters occupying a living body that inhabits the material world. The facilitator of the empty mind ground must live by eating, wearing clothes, living within a building, and earning a living, etc. All these things, which includes social, cultural, and political interactions, turn-out to be vitally important on the one-hand – and completely pointless on the other. And yet some type of anchorage in the material world must be established if Ch’an is to be effectively taught. This is a paradox that possesses no single answer. There is no blue-print or set manner in response to this need. How a Ch’an teacher manifests – is how they manifest – and that all depends on the personal situation of the teacher in question. A homeless monk, for instance, can effectively teach, as can an ordinary person, or a person in a high position. Status does not matter. That is merely a necessary window-dressing. What is important is that those who are searching for the empty mind ground must also understand that the expedient circumstances of an effective teacher are irrelevant – if the student can effectively grasp the huatou and decisively “look within”. The reason externality does not matter at this point is that to be overly concerned with externality is to fall into the trap of “attachment” as taught by the Buddha. Attachment to externality is to be ensnared in the distraction of a sideways thinking that diverts from “looking within”. Non-attachment dissolves part of the habitual power of delusion and assists in the clearing of many barriers to achieving inner awareness and profound insight. Of course, once the empty mind ground is fully realised – and the form and void integrated – then the state and function of the external world can be altered for the better using “wisdom” – if such an alteration is required. By 2004, I was discussing with Richard Hunn about the possibility of him relocating back to the UK and living in Sutton – in the same street as my family. At that time, things were very good in the UK, and this idea was a very real possibility. Richard Hunn had lived in Japan since 1991, and had achieved every one of his primary (academic) research objectives. Furthermore, after 13-years in Japan – Richard was beginning to yearn for a return to his native English culture. Not only this, but he very much appreciated the Anglo-Chinese set-up we had going in the Sutton area. The perfect integration of English and Hong Kong culture. Richard Hunn had been teaching English in Kyoto whilst researching the roots of Chinese Ch’an in Japan. This research had been more or less completed by 2004. Richard wanted a return to tea, fish and chips, and Chinese cooking! The problem was that he started to experience alarming health episodes which started off as apparently minor, but got steadily worse - until the terrible diagnosis of terminal cancer during late 2005. Richard opted to stay in Japan and adjust himself to circumstance. This he did until his final breath - taken during October 1st, 2006, whilst sat-up meditating in a Kyoto hospital bed.
(Translated By Adrian Chan-Wyles PhD) 27.5.2017 – Source: Lineaage Transmission Network “Give-up all attachments and do not give rise to a single thought.” These are the prerequisite for practicing genuine Chinese Ch’an meditation. Now that we know this, how can we achieve this objective? The first example involves the most karmically able - who will immediately cease their thinking-processes forever (achieving a permanent “stillness” of mind) - whilst directly perceiving the empty mind ground. The state of “no-birth” is then entered. Bodhi is attained in an instant (like a finger-snap) - without any hesitation. When all this happens correctly (and in good order) - no further words are required. The second level of karmic-ability involves the cultivation of logic and reason as a means to eliminate the uncontrolled stream of thought, and to modify behavioural-patterns when interacting in the material world. This method possesses many stages that vary according to the character of the practitioner. There is seated meditation, physical discipline, and much additional thought on the subject when not meditating - as a means of building resolve and motivation to practice. It must be understood that the “Original Nature” is pure and clean from the very beginning - and cannot be polluted by any expedient thought or action. By cultivsting this type of “wisdom” (Bodhi) – all “troubles” (klesa) will eventually come to an end. Birth, life, death and nirvana are all false constructs. These things are like insubstantial and non-permanent dust that cannot pollute the “True Nature”. Everything is a dream, and an illusion. The four elements of the body the mountains, the rivers, and the earth, all manifest and pass-away within the “True Nature” without staining the empty essence one iota. Cultivate non-attachment to all phenomena as it arises, manifests, and passes-away. Do not chase after life, death, reward, wealth, or any worldly activity. None of these things exist within the empty mind ground. Give-up right and wrong, like and dislike – and become like a dead tree stump – or a body with no reaction to (internal or) external stimulus. Remain indifferent to all things. This is how rhe root-cause of greed, hatred, and delusion is uprooted and the stream of consciousness “purified”. All troubles and difficulties will automatically disappear. In this way all pain, discomfort, suffering, happiness, hunger, cold, fullness, warmth, honour, disgrace, life, death, misfortune, fortune, good or bad luck, disgrace, gain or loss, safety or danger - are all laid to aside. Only in this way can we say that we have let go of the force of (ignotant) karmic-habit that keeps us trapped in duality – continuously fixating over fleeting externals which produce human suffering. Once you let go - you must let go of everything - forever. This is called “letting go of all attachments”. When all attachments are let go, delusion disappears, discrimination does not arise, and attachment ceases. At this point, non-thought (“stillness”) is achieved, the perceived True Nature is bright - and expands throughout the physical body - and out into the environment without limit. At this point, all the conditions for effective Ch’an meditation are met. If you work hard to truly meditate and study, you will be able to see your empty mind ground and (expansive) True Nature. Chinese Language Text: 虛雲老和尚:禪修入門 參禪的先決條件 萬緣放下
2017/05/27 來源:傳承網 「萬緣放下,一念不生」是參禪的先決條件,我們既然知道了,那麼,如何才能做到呢? 上焉者一念永歇,直至無生,頓證菩提,毫無噦唆。其次則以理除事,了知自性本來清淨,煩惱菩提、生死涅磐皆是假名,原不與我自性相干,事事物物皆是夢幻泡影,我此四大色身與山河大地,在自性中,如海中的浮漚一樣,隨起隨滅,無礙本體,不應隨一切幻事的生住異滅,而起欣厭取捨,通身放下,如死人一樣,自然根塵識心消落,貪嗔痴愛泯滅,所有這身子的痛癢苦樂、饑寒飽暖、榮辱生死、禍福吉凶、毀譽得喪、安危險夷,一概置之度外,這樣才算放下。 一放下,一切放下,永遠放下,叫做萬緣放下。萬緣放下了,妄想自消,分別不起,執著遠離,至此一念不生,自性光明,全體顯露,至是參禪的條件具備了,再用功真參實究,明心見性才有分。 The “Wall-View” [壁觀] practice is simultaneously a pre-enlightenment (outer) meditative technique – and a description of a post-enlightenment (inner) state of being. To outwardly “gaze at a wall” - is to inwardly realise the all-embracing empty mind ground (and gaze like a wall). What does the 28th Patriarch of the Indian Dhyana tradition have to say on this matter? The following extract is typical Chinese-language encyclopaedia entry regarding the life of the Bodhidharma:
‘傳統上認為,達摩自海路來到中國後,聞說梁武帝信奉佛法,於是至金陵(今江蘇南京)與其談法。梁武帝是篤信佛教的帝王,他即位以後建寺、抄經、度僧、造像甚多,是以詢問達摩:「我做了這些事有多少功德?」達摩卻說:「無功德」。武帝又問:「何以無功德?」達摩說:「此是有為之事,不是實在的功德。」武帝不能理解。因雙方理念不合,達摩即渡江入魏(「一葦渡江」之傳說來源),止於嵩山少林寺,於寺中面壁九年,稱「壁觀婆羅門」。[民間則相信達摩在石洞留下至高無上武學《易筋經》和《洗髓經》。’ India to South China by sea (there are competing stories that he travelled by land into North China via Tibet). As he heard that Emperor Wu [武] of the Southern Liang Dynasty believed in the Dharma and was a devout Buddhist - Bodhidharma went to Jinling (now Nanjing, in Jiangsu province) to discuss this matter with him. After he ascended the throne, Emperor Wu built many temples, order endless Buddhist Sutras to be copied and spread, ordained uncountable monastics, and sponsored the making and distributing of many Buddha-statues. Emperor Wu asked Bodhidharma, "How much work of virtue (karmic-merit) have I accumulated by doing these things?" Bodhidharma replied, "No work of virtue” [無功德 – Wu Gong De]. A surprised Emperor Wu asked once again, "Really? Why no work of virtue?" Bodhidharma answered, "These are wilful acts - not genuine acts of virtue (free of egotistical ‘intent’)." Emperor Wu was astonished and confused by this exchange. Due to this difference of opinion regarding the interpretation of the Dharma - Bodhidharma crossed the Yangzi River into the land of the Northern Wei Dynasty (hence the story of Bodhidharma "gliding across the surface of the water whilst standing on a floating reed"). Bodhidharma then made his way to the Shaolin Temple [少林寺 – Shao Lin Si] situated on Song Mountain [嵩山 – Song Shan] – in Henan province. Here, Bodhidharma sat “facing the wall” in a cave for nine years - and was known as the "wall-viewing Brahman" [壁觀婆羅門 – Bi Guan Po Luo Men]. It is believed that whilst sat in this cave – Bodhidharma compiled two important (external and internal) self-cultivation (martial arts) manuals entitled “Change Muscle-Tendon Classic-Sutra” [易筋經 – Yi Jin Jing] and the ”Bone-Marrow Cleanse Classic-Sutra” [洗髓經 – Xi Sui Jing].’ Bodhidharma is associated with a number of unique texts associated within his own “Dhyana” (Ch’an - 禪) tradition. Although certain historical commentators have stated that Ch’an was unknown in India – in fact Ch’an’s insistence upon the achievement of a sudden flash of insight (yugapad) is similar to that position held by the “Sthaviravada School” – one of the original eighteen schools that developed following the death of the Buddha (see AK Warder, Indian Buddhism, Motilal, Page 454). This is the “Believers in the Teachings of the Elders” School linked to the eventual development of the well-known Theravada. The Pali Suttas possess far more doctrinal latitude than the Theravada School likes to admit or acknowledge. The highly conservative approach of the Theravada focusses on a certain strand of doctrine within the Pali Suttas and ignores or plays-down other equally important teachings. For instance, the Buddha clearly states that lay-men and women can achieve enlightenment and that there is no difference in quality between an enlightened lay-person and an enlightened monastic (Ch’an takes this ideal further – stating children, animals and even inanimate objects can all be enlightened on the grounds that all things are reflected in the great mirror samadhi and arise and pass-away within the empty mind ground). Furthermore, the Pali Suttas clearly state that an “instantaneous” enlightenment is available for all beings by simply being in the “physical presence” of the Buddha (darshan) – without having studied the Dharma, the Vinaya, or the Abhidhamma. Within the Ch’an School, therefore, an individual may (or may not) study the gradual teachings – and may (or may not) realise instantaneous enlightenment. Studying the scriptures does not necessarily culminate in the realisation of enlightenment – whereas realising instantaneous enlightenment means that an individual (such as Hui Neng) may be illiterate and not know the teachings – but if a scripture is read to them – then the full and complete meaning (prajna) will instantly manifest in their mind - which can be verbally expressed. Remember, the Buddha was also illiterate, as when he lived there was no direct connection between being literate and possessing wisdom within general society. Spiritual teachings were passed on via the agency of memory and the vehicle of word of mouth (only later being written-down). Reading and writing was known in ancient India – but it was a practice reserved for use only amongst governments which possessed specially educated ministers who would “write-down” the laws passed (or repealed) by the king or leader – thus maintaiing a coherent record that could be objectively referenced when needed. Altough the modern Chinese Ch’an School prides itself on the very high literacy rate of its practitioners – this tradition also maintains the original reality which saw the Buddha, his disciples, and many of his Chinese comverts being “illiterate”. This means that although the Ch’an practitioner may study words and letters – the enlightenment that such teachings represent – must be “beyond” words and letters. It is as if literate Ch’an practitioners must remember what it is like to be illiterate. The empty mind ground exists BEFORE any words are conceived in the mind, or expressed through the mouth. Words may or may not be used – but the empty mind ground is pure, clean, and all-embracing (like a pristine wall that expands in all directions). It is also the case that the Indian Bodhidharma could not speak the Chinese-language – and the Chinese students could not speak the Indian-language. It may be that as this was the case, seated meditation and unexpected actions were used to convey - or reveal - the empty mind ground. Only later did words start to be used in an oblique manner – building the entire edifice of Ch’an literature in China (although the literary structure of this work adopts a distinct Confucian structure – such as that found in the “Analects” or the “論語 – Lun Yu”). The text ascribed to Bodhidharma that introduces the practice of “Wall-Viewing” is known by a number of titles: Great Master Bodhidharma – Brief Discussion on the Four Practices of Entering the Mahayana Path – (菩提達磨大師略辨大乘入道四行觀論 - Pútí dámó dàshī lüè biàn dàchéng rùdào sì háng guān lùn) Mahayana Path Entry - Four-Contemplative Practices – (大乘入道四行觀論 - Dàchéng rùdào sì háng guān lùn) Bodhidharma’s Two Methods of Entering the Four Stages of Contemplation – (達摩二種入四行觀論 - Dámó èr zhǒng rù sì háng guān lùn) Two Entrances - Four Practices Treatise – (二入四行論 - Èr rù sì háng lùn) Two Entrances - Four Practices Sutra – (二入四行經 - Èr rù sì háng jīng) Four Contemplations Treatise – (四行論 - Sì háng lùn) Four Contemplations Sutra – (四行經 - Sì háng jīng) Two Methods Entry Treatise – (二種入論 - Èr zhǒng rù lùn) Two Entrances Treatise – (二入論 - Èr rù lùn) Mind Entry – Body Entry – (理入行入 – Li Ru Xing Ru) Although every word spoken by the Buddha is considered a “Sutra” (經 – Jing) – usually only Vimalakirti and Hui Neng are the two other Buddhist practitioners whose teachings are also considered “sutras” or “enlightened” sayings. However, as can be seen from the above list, sometimes Bodhidharma’s teachings are referred to as a “Treatise” (論 – Lun) – whilst at other times they are referred to as a “Sutra” (經 – Jing). This suggests some confusion on the matter, but the changing of designation may be symbolic of the increase in popularity of the Ch’an School throughout the history of China. Whatever the case, it would seem that Bodhidharma can be added to the very short list of enlightened beings whose teachings are considered “Sutras”. JC Cleary explained Bodhidharma’s method in his (1986) “Zen Dawn” through the following translation: ‘This is the Great Vehicle Teaching for pacifying the mind – let there be no error. Those who pacify mind like this do wall-gazing. Those who accord with beings like this prevent slander and dislike. Those who have skill in means like this dispense with what does not apply.’ (Page 35) ‘Bodhidharma taught: There are many roads for entering the Path, but in essence they do not go beyond two kinds; one is entering through inner truth, and the other is entering through practice. Entering through inner truth means: 1) All living beings (ordinary or sage) share the (underlying) reality-nature which is obscured by a false-covering of alien dust. If you abandon the false and return to the real, concentrate your attention and gaze like a wall, then there is no self and others, and ordinary and sage are equal. Firmly abiding and unmoving, you no longer fall into the verbal teachings. This is tacit accord with the real inner truth: without discrimination, it is still and nameless. This is called “entering through inner truth.” 2) Entering through practice refers to the Four Practices (which envelop all practices): a) Repaying wrongs – or making amends for countless eons of deluded behaviour as a means of purifying this present life. b) Going along with the casual nexus – or adjusting to external circumstances (good, bad or neutral) as they manifest. No attachment to good experiences – no rejection of bad experiences, and no slumbering in neutral experiences. There is no permanent self – merely the endless cycle of (contrived) cause and effect. c) Do not seek anything – or do not allow greed, hatred, and delusion to define your life. Nothing the world desires is real or true and must be laid-down and abandoned. Find the empty essence within all suffering and abide there. d) Always accord within the Dharma – or abide within the reality of the empty mind ground. Uproot greed, hatred, and delusion, cultivate all good deeds (Sila), and help all beings without end or limit.’ (Pages 33-36) It is believed that Bodhidharma extracted these teachings from the Lankavatara Sutra (indeed, JC Cleary appears to be quoting from a text discovered in Dun Huang entitled “The Record of the Teachers and Students of the Lanka”), although he is also linked to the Vimalakirti and Prajnaparamita Sutras. (I believe that DT Suzuki’s interpretation of the Lankavatara Sutra as being a later and wholly “introverted” and “idealistic” teaching - is incorrect – as it appear to contain Early Buddhist ideology that recognises that the external world exists – even if its structures are forever changing and suffering-inducing). Vimalakirti, of course, represents the fact that lay-people can realise perfect enlightenment – here and now – whilst living within the world of red dust. The emptiness of the Prajna Sutras underlies and unites this entire vision of human existence and spiritual transcendence. Jeffrey l Broughton, in his book entitled “The Bodhidharma Anthoology – The Earliest Records of Zen” (1999) states in the Introduction: ‘For decades discussion of the Long Scroll or Bodhidharma Anthology, both Japanese and Western, has concentrated on the second section, the Two Entrances, and has come to the consensus that only this text can be attributed to Bodhidharma. Eminent monks of medieval China and modern scholars from around the world have produced many exegeses of the two entrances and the baffling term “wall-examining” (pi-kuan) mentioned in the Biography of Two Entrances; in the traditional story Bodhidharma is usually said to have practiced wall-examining for nine years. Though much exegetical ingenuity has obscured the importance of the Records. In fact, the Records have been so eclipsed that they pass unnoticed in most treatments of early Zen.’ (Page 7) And again: ‘The elusive term of wall-examining has been the subject of countless exegeses, from the most imaginative and metaphysical to the suggestion that it refers to the simple physical act of facing a wall in cross-legged sitting posture. Tibetan Ch’an, a new and exciting subfield of early Ch’an studies, offers us one more. Various Ch’an texts were translated into Tibetan, one of the most important being the Bodhidharma Anthology, which in Tibetan is usually referred to as the Great Chinese Injunctions (Rgya lung chen po). The recently discovered ninth-century Tibetan treatise Dhyana of the Enlightened Eye (Bsam gtan mig sgron) contains translations of some of the Two Entrances, some material from Record I, and the whole of Record III. Early on the Dhyana of the Enlightened Eye gives summaries of four teachings known in early Tibet: the gradualist gate; the all-at once gate (Chinese Ch’an); Mahayoga, and Atiyoga (Rdzogs-chen) The summary of Ch’an ends with a series of quotations from Ch’an masters, the first of whom is Bodhidharmatara, the version of the name that is encountered in Tibetan sources: “From the sayings of the Great Master Bodhidharmatara, ‘If one reverts to the real, rejects discrimination, and abides in brightness, then there is neither self nor other. The common man and sage are equal. If without shifting you abide in firmness, after that you will not follow after the written teachings. This is the quiet of the principle of the real. It is non-discriminative, quiescent, and inactive. It is entrance principle.’” A Tibetan Tun-huang manuscript gives a virtually identical rendering. This understanding of wall-examining must have been widespread in early Tibet. The Tibetah closely follows T’an-lin’s Chinese with one exception, the line “in a coagulated state abides in wall-examining” (ning chu pi-kuan), for which the Tibetan reads: “rejects discrimination and abides in brightness” (rtogs pa spangs te / lham mer gnas na). This is a curious and consistent divergence.” (Page 67) The term “Wall-View”, Wall-Gaze”, or “Wall-examining” are all English language attempts at translating (and transliterating) the Chinese-language term “壁觀” (bi guan). I must say that when I “think” in the Chinese-language – this term appears succinct and straightforward. It is only when this terms transmigrates into a different (and unfamiliar) language culture that uncertainty of meaning creeps in. Bi Guan is to “end” all discursive thought in the surface and deep mind. Bi Guan is to realise the all-embracing empty mind within which all things manifest and pass-away. Bi Guan is like broad and high wall immediately present in-front of the human vision. The wall is too high to climb – and broad to go around. Human vision cannot see above, beyond, or around it. Bi Guan is the end of all deluded vision. Assessing the two-ideograms we have: 壁 (bi4) = Lower particle is “土” (tu3) which means “stamped earth”. The upper particle is “辟” (bi4) which means “law”, “control” and “develop” – a physical structure (such as a “wall”) which defines, controls and orders society. 觀 (guan1) = Left-hand particle is “雚” (Guan4) which means “stork”, “heron”, or “small cup”. The right-hand particle is “見” (jian4) which means “to see”, “to consider”, and “to recognise”. When combined as “壁觀” (bi guan) - there is the meaning of a developed vision which is broad, expansive, and all-inclusive - like that of a bird’s-eye view when flying high in the sky. This is a special type of all-encompassing vision that excludes nothing, includes everything, and like the structure of a physical wall, generates order and security throughout society. One looks at the wall – and one looks out onto the world – as if one were the wall. These concepts are not necessarily contradictory when viewed from the perspective of a Chinese philosophical use of language, ideas, and symbols. Therefore, “Wall-View” represents the permanent “turning-about” at the deepest levels of human consciousness experienced during successful Ch’an training – a process explained within the Lankavatara Sutra – but which implicit within all legitimate Buddhist texts. Chinese Languae Text: https://baike.baidu.com/item/二入四行/3987794 Further Reading (English Language): Broughton, Jeffrey L, The Bodhidharma Anthoology – The Earliest Records of Zen, University of California Press, (1999) Cleary, JC, Zen Dawn – Early Zen Texts from Tun Huang, Shambhala, (1986) Warder, AK, Indian Buddhism, Motilal, (2000) In 2004, the plan was for Richard Hunn to eventually retire back to the UK with Taeko – and live near my family in the sedate area of South-West Greater London we inhabit. Richard liked the area – jokingly saying it was just far away enough from everyone he knew (or was related to)! We had travelled together in car and bus around the local areas such as Kingston-Upon-Thames, Sutton, and into Central London (the latter by Tube). Richard particularly enjoyed having a cup of tea in the "Cha Shop" situated in the centre of Kingston - not far from the ornate Town Hall - and then to visit what used to be the multi-floored (and very well-stocked) "Borders" Bookshop opposite the Square (both now long gone). After visiting the spiritual "Watkins Books" just-off Leicester Square - and eat "Dim Sum" (Yum Cha) in a nearby London Chinatown (Gerrard Street) restaurant. Dim Sum are the special breakfast dumplings (washed down by Green Tea) eaten as part of the TCM recipes that define traditional Chinese food and drink. I think Richard appreciated the "blend" of Western and Eastern culture in a manner unique - and yet typical - to the British Mainland. Richard often explained that when he left the UK in 1991 - he left behind his old life completely and had no idea what the future held. Even I lost contact for a few years - but I did manage to discuss the matter with Richard's ex-wife (Rose) who eventually passed-on a contact address for Richard. I put into practice everything Richard had taught me between 1991-1998 - before I managed to reconnected through direct communication. Richard was pleased with my progress - so perhaps "emptiness" (separation) is good for development! As Taeko’s job (a fashion-industry Executive) – could be performed anywhere – the two were seriously considering this option. Although Taeko had not yet visited our home – she had extensively travelled around the UK. Taeko would only be on familiar terms with myself after the passing of Richard – when such a communication became appropriate. Richard had the idea of living locally and continuing my education on a one-to-one basis. His sudden illness and final demise in late 2006 – came as a shock to us all. At least Richard and Taeko spent the last few years of their happy lives together living in a traditional "Samurai Cottage" in the suburbs of Kyoto. This is why the above plan did not come to pass. I spoke to Richard a few more times via the telephone - and received the odd card (his 2005 Xmas card read "Anything is possible!") - and as I was preparing to fly to Kyoto to be with him during October, 2006, Taeko (and Richard's son - Charles - who was already in Japan) telephoned myself and gave the sad news. Of course, I am not blood-related to Richard Hunn - and it would be highly unethical to give the false impression that I am. No. I am spiritually related to Richard Hunn - and that is enough. I have had the honour to communicate (on occasion) with Richard's flesh and blood - but other than offering my respect and condolences, I did not want to intrude into a highly private matter. In this regard, I remain firmly irrelevant and deep in the periphery - where I belong! Of course, my life had progressed and moved on since Richard Hunn left the UK. I became aware of his presence in the UK via a book entitled "The Buddhist Bible" penned by John Snelling (the "Norwich Ch'an Association" was mentioned - with Richard Hunn quoted in relevant sections) - a British Buddhist who turned-out to be a personal friend of Richard. Although I have only had a nodding relationship with the Buddhist Society (London) - Richard Hunn (and Charles Luk for that matter) possessed a much greater connection. At least tis was true until Richard left the UK in 1991 - when the only spiritual connection would be myself. My position was one of interfacing with the ethnic Chinese community in the UK and Hong Kong - a reality which became far more relevant to Richard once he relocated to Asia. The point is that change and difference are vital for genuine inner and outer self-development. In the end, "change" becomes permanent and an entirely new situation develops. This is exactly the phase we are in today - where the memory and legacy of Richard Hunn has replaced his physical presence. The empty mind ground, however, remains constant just above and behind the movement - as the Six Patriot (Hui Neng) once explained.
Buddhist monasticism is flexible. Although it is correct to assume that it is usually necessary for an individual to undergo a period of isolatory training (to establish and stabilise the realisation of the void) - it is also true that compassionate (Bodhisattva) activity must also be pursued throughout the myriad conditions that define worldly existence. This is true of all Buddhist traditions - as even the Bhikkhus of the Theravada School must "walk" (in a self-aware manner) through the surrounding (lay) villages - begging for food on a daily basis. Living a hermitic or cloistered existence is a means to an end and not an end in itself. Of course, this period may be repeated more than once and last any length of time. When entering different situations - the Bodhisattva does not lose sight of the realised void regardless of the external conditions experienced. The Sixth Patriarch (Hui Neng) spent around 15 years living with bandits and barbarians in the hills - retaining a vegetarian diet - even though he was not yet formally ordained in the Sangha. Within China, the Mahayana Bhikshu must take the hundreds of Vinaya Discipline Vows as well as the parallel Bodhisattva Vows (the former requires complete celibacy whilst the latter requires moral discipline but not celibacy). Anyone can be a "Bodhisattva" - whilst a formal Buddhist monastic must adhere to the discipline of the Vinaya Discipline. A lay Buddhist person also adheres to the Vinaya Discipline - but only upholds the first Five, Eight or Ten vows, etc. Vimalakirti is an example of an Enlightened Layperson whose wisdom was complete and superior to those who were still wrapped in robes and sat at the foot of a tree. In the Mahasiddhi stories preserved within the Tanrayana tradition - the realisation of the empty mind ground (or all-embracing void) renders the dichotomy between "ordained" and "laity" redundant. The Chinese-language Vinaya Discipline contains a clause which allows, under certain conditions, for an individual to self-perform an "Emergency" ordination. This is the case if the individual lives in isolation and has no access to the ordained Sangha or any other Buddhist Masters, etc. The idea is that should such expertise become available - then the ordination should be made official. However, the Vinaya Disciple in China states that a member of the ordained Sangha is defined in two-ways: 1) An individual who has taken both the Vinaya and Bodhisattva Vows - and has successfully completed all the required training therein. 2) Anyone who has realised "emptiness". Of course, in China all Buddhists - whether lay or ordained - are members of the (general) Sangha. The (general) Sangha, however, is led by the "ordained" Sangha. As lay-people (men, women, and children) can realise "emptiness" (enlightenment) - such an acommplished individual transitions (regardless of circustance) into the "ordained" Sangha. This is true even if such a person has never taken the Vinaya or Bodhisattva Vows - regardless of their lifestyle or position within society. Such an individual can be given a special permission to wear a robe in their daily lives - but these individuals do not have to agree with this. Realising "emptiness" is the key to this transformative process. Emptiness can be realised during seated meditation, during physical labour (or exercise), or during an enlightened dialogue with a Master. The first level is the "emptiness" realised when the mind is first "stilled". This "emptiness" is limited to just the interior of the head - but the ridge-pole of habitual ignorance has been permanently broken (this is the enlightenment of the Hinayana) - and is accompanied by a sense of tranquillity and bliss. This situstion (sat atop the hundred-foot pole) must be left behind. Through further training, the "bottom drops out the barrel" - and the perception of the mind expands throughout the ten directions. Emptiness embraces the mind, body, the surrounding environment - and all things within it.
Dear B It is interesting that those who were illiterate - such as Hui Neng - could have the essence of mind development conveyed to them by simply studying the "shape" (form) of the Trigrams and Hexagrams. Of course, Master Cao develops this idea through his shaded roundels. Indeed, it could well be that the roundels of the Caodong School eventually led to the development of the Taiji Tu [太極圖] (Yin-Yang Symbol) that was developed during the latter Song Dynasty. Either way - the "beyond words" teaching - may have had its root in illiteracy - as the historical Buddha could not read or write - as astonishing as that seems!
Richard Hunn stated that the Five Ranks of the Caodong School are very sophisticated and quite often difficult to understand. In essence the Caodong Ch’an Method is a condensing of the teachings found within the Lankavatara Sutra. Without possessing a copy of this Sutra (which Bodhidharma brought to China in 520 CE) – the “Method” can be easily learned, preserved, and transmitted by word of mouth and through awe-inspiring deportment (hence the “odd” behaviour of many Ch’an Masters and their Disciples). Within ancient China, perhaps around only 10% of the population could read or write. Such men (normally not women) were almost always Confucian Scholar-Officials (or their students). It is also true that some Ch’an Masters were also Confucian Scholars – as were Master Dong and Master Cao – who founded the Caodong School of Ch’an (the two names are reversed to express a better rhythm within Chinese-language speech patterns). Both these men understood the “Yijing” (Change Classic or “I Ching”) and were conversant in the Trigram and Hexagram ideology. This is why the Five Ranks are premised upon two Trigrams and three Hexagrams. The internal logic of how these lines “move” from one structure into another - is the underlying reasoning that serves as the foundation for the Caodong School. The minutiae of this doctrine is not the purpose of this essay (as I have published a paper on this elsewhere). Within genuine Caodong lineages it is taught that the Caodong Five Ranks can be taught as “Three” levels of realisation or attainment: 1) Guest (Form) – ordinary deluded mind within which the “Void” is not known. (Rank 1) 2) Host (Void) – the “Void” is known to exist and a method is applied to locate and realise its presence. (Rank 2) 3) Host-in-Host (Void-Form Integration) – the “Void” is fully realised, aligned, and integrated with the “Form”. (Rank 3, 4 & 5) The problem with “lists” is that they are often dry and one-dimensional. What does the above explanation mean in practical reality? The following is how this path is explained from the perspective of experiencer: a) When the mind is looked into – all that is seen - is the swirling chaos of delusion (Form). b) By applying the Hua Tou or Gongan Method – this confusion ceases, and an “empty” mind is attained. However, this “emptiness” is not permanent and must be continuously accessed through seated meditation to experience it more fully. Furthermore, even when stabilised – this experience of “emptiness” is limited only to the inside of the head. This is “Relative” enlightenment that should not be mistaken for “Full” enlightenment. Despite its limitation, nevertheless, such a realised state is far beyond the ordinary. c) When the “empty” mind naturally “expands” it encompass and reflects the physical body and all things within environment (the “Mirror Samadhi”). This is the attainment of “Full” enlightenment - and the realisation of the “turning about” as described in the Lankavatara Sutra. Although no further karma is produced and given that a great amount of past karma has been dissolved, the very presence of a living physical body still attracts karmic debts that may need paying. Further training is required to clear the surface mind of residual “klesa” (delusion) and to purify behavioural responses. Traditionally, the Chinese Ch’an Master refused to speak about the post-enlightenment position.
Dear Tony Richard Hunn (1949-2006) was both my academic and spiritual teacher. He taught me how read, write and interpret traditional Chinese ideograms. I trained with him between 1989-2006. He was an English gentleman who could read, write and speak many dialects of the Chinese language - including the rare Hakka dialect spoken by our Chinese grandmother (whom Richard met in 2000 during a visit to our house). I wrote this for Richard following his passing: He helped me understand and balance the two sides to my character - the 'Chinese' and the 'British'. He used to work for Pebble Mill (BBC) - but was an academic expert on the Chinese language and Chinese Buddhism. His spiritual teacher was Charles Luk (1898-1978) - who in-turn trained under the Great Chinese Ch'an Master Xu Yun (1840-1959). To me, Richard Hunn represented everything that is great and good about the UK. In 1991, Richard Hunn gave-up his life in the UK and migrated (via a modest academic study grant) to Kyoto in Japan. He lived there between 1991-2006 (marrying a Japanese woman - Taeko - with whom I am still in communication with today). Why did he choose Japan? Well, he received an academic grant to study the transmission of Chinese Ch'an from China to Japan - which included examining the Chinese Ch'an Temples that still exist in Japan - separate and distinct from the Japanese 'Zen' Temples. Every August-September each year, Richard Hunn (who worked at Kyoto University) used to escort a number of his English Study students (usually 20 or so) to look around London. The students would stay for about two-weeks before returning as a group to Japan without Richard. Being 'free' of this responsibility, Richard would visit all his family - before spending a week or two at our house in Sutton (Priory Road - where you showed me an excellent Tensho Kata in the hall). We would meditate together and discuss reality deep into the night. He used to test my understanding of Chinese ideograms - crushing my stupidity and encouraging my insight. Even so, I was reticent to actually 'translate' anything - until a number of Mainland Chinese students studying in the UK checked my work - and encouraged me to start translating. I was then put in contact with a number of academics in China and my life entered a new phase. Richard Hunn visited a number of old martial arts 'Dojo' positioned in and around the remote Kyoto hills. He was often 'Introduced' with a letter to various Old Masters who lived in rustic huts - usually with only one or two disciples. Many practiced Chinese arts unaltered in anyway for hundreds of years. These Japanese men and women also studied traditional Chinese ideograms - the original language of the arts they preserved. As these arts existed 'outside' the grading (coloured-belt) system of Japan - they were excluded from all State financial support - hence their simplistic existence. Best Wishes Adrian
Dear B As far as I am aware, Master Xu Yun had studied the Yijing as a child (and youth) under the strict supervision of the numerous tutors that his (Scholar-Official) father traversed through the household. This was in preparation for Xu Yun to take the 'Scholar-Official' Government Examination - which required the rote learning of the Four Books and the Five Classics - and the meticulous replication (word for word) of required sections of each text. A good Scholar-Official must demonstrate how he would deal with each real-world incident by referring to a precise and exact extract of whichever divine-text was relevant to the situation. There could be NO deviation from this ancient (and 'perfect') process if a candidate was to be successful. Remember, tens of thousands applied - and only the low-hundreds would be 'Passed' - according to governmental needs (which meant thousands who had 'Passed' would be 'Failed' as no posts existed for them to be allocated toward). On paper (and in public), Master Xu Yun always distanced himself from Confucian and Daoist Texts (the Yijing in China is considered a 'Confucian' Text). This is to be expected from a man who betrayed the will of his father and instead embraced the Path (Dharma) of the Buddha - a religion that even today is considered 'foreign' in China. To be successful on this path - Xu Yun had to completely abandon what appeared to be the worldly path as defined by Chinese convention. Therefore, the (Indian) Vinaya Discipline took the place of the Four Books and the Five Classics. If this was the cae, then why did Xu Yun (privately) advise Charles Luk to study the Yijing and integrate it with the Ch'an Path? In the UK - Richard Hunn (my primary teacher) was considered the most prominent 'Master' of the Yijing - as he could read the original (and ancient) Chinese ideograms and even lectured about this Text to ethnic Chinese students attending University in Great Britain in Putonghua! For our Ch'an (Caodong) Lineage (Master Xu Yun inherited and transmitted all Five Houses of Ch'an - but in his private transmission he only favoured the 'Caodong') - the Yijing is a pivotal and yet 'hidden' Text. Remember, the Caodong Masters were also experts in the study of the Yijing - and they used trigrams and hexagrams to devise the Five Ranks System. Xu Yun was the opinion that it is only through the study of the Yijing that the Caodong methodology can be truly understood. In this regard, John Blofeld was never privy to this advanced knowledge. If he met Xu Yun - it was merely for a few minutes where Blofeld (by his own admission) spouted nonsense. Of Course, I salute your efforts and you must never be afraid (as I know you are not) to pull the whiskers of the tiger! With Metta Adrian
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