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The point is to realise the empty mind ground – here and now – and not be distracted by other thoughts that would divert the practitioner away from this vital objective. On the one hand, there is the cycle of the external world, which quite often requires a type of timed ritualistic behaviour, and then there is the imminant need to focus the attention firmly within, and directly perceive the all-embracing empty mind ground. Which is it to be, outer convention or inner revolution? For Ch’an, the direction is clear – nothing else matters other than the realisation of the empty mind ground. This is the caee despite all living Ch’an Masters occupying a living body that inhabits the material world. The facilitator of the empty mind ground must live by eating, wearing clothes, living within a building, and earning a living, etc. All these things, which includes social, cultural, and political interactions, turn-out to be vitally important on the one-hand – and completely pointless on the other. And yet some type of anchorage in the material world must be established if Ch’an is to be effectively taught. This is a paradox that possesses no single answer. There is no blue-print or set manner in response to this need. How a Ch’an teacher manifests – is how they manifest – and that all depends on the personal situation of the teacher in question. A homeless monk, for instance, can effectively teach, as can an ordinary person, or a person in a high position. Status does not matter. That is merely a necessary window-dressing. What is important is that those who are searching for the empty mind ground must also understand that the expedient circumstances of an effective teacher are irrelevant – if the student can effectively grasp the huatou and decisively “look within”. The reason externality does not matter at this point is that to be overly concerned with externality is to fall into the trap of “attachment” as taught by the Buddha. Attachment to externality is to be ensnared in the distraction of a sideways thinking that diverts from “looking within”. Non-attachment dissolves part of the habitual power of delusion and assists in the clearing of many barriers to achieving inner awareness and profound insight. Of course, once the empty mind ground is fully realised – and the form and void integrated – then the state and function of the external world can be altered for the better using “wisdom” – if such an alteration is required. By 2004, I was discussing with Richard Hunn about the possibility of him relocating back to the UK and living in Sutton – in the same street as my family. At that time, things were very good in the UK, and this idea was a very real possibility. Richard Hunn had lived in Japan since 1991, and had achieved every one of his primary (academic) research objectives. Furthermore, after 13-years in Japan – Richard was beginning to yearn for a return to his native English culture. Not only this, but he very much appreciated the Anglo-Chinese set-up we had going in the Sutton area. The perfect integration of English and Hong Kong culture. Richard Hunn had been teaching English in Kyoto whilst researching the roots of Chinese Ch’an in Japan. This research had been more or less completed by 2004. Richard wanted a return to tea, fish and chips, and Chinese cooking! The problem was that he started to experience alarming health episodes which started off as apparently minor, but got steadily worse - until the terrible diagnosis of terminal cancer during late 2005. Richard opted to stay in Japan and adjust himself to circumstance. This he did until his final breath - taken during October 1st, 2006, whilst sat-up meditating in a Kyoto hospital bed.
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Dear A A story that sometimes comes to mind is something Richard Hunn once told me whilst visiting the UK (from Japan) in the early 2000s. He said that at one time in his life, he was living in a bed-sit - but one where other members in the house used to "walk" through his room during the day or night to access the toilet and kitchen, etc. He said that he used the situation to apply the huatou properly and to a greater depth - outside his comfort zone. He described the people entering, traversing, and leaving his living space as "waves" of phenomena arising, stabilising, and falling apart. He was able to distance himself from his physical surroundings as for most of the time, there was no urgency to "respond" to - or "interact" with - the people or circumstance. He was able to detach from the material circumstances around him - and "look within" - toward the empty mind ground. This is similar to the monastic position where everything is strictly controlled in the monastery - essentially an eternally repeating regimen where all basic needs are met - freeing the mind to move its awareness from the "outside" world to the "interior" of perception. Of course, this changes slightly with the hermit - who might live in a cave, at the foot of a tree, a hut, or some other remote place - free from any external support mechanism. Usually, a young monk trains in a monastery (where everything is provided) and progresses to living alone (with no support mechanisms). Perhaps this is a progression to moving away from predicting or relying on preconceived outcomes. Lay and monastic are two-sides of the same coin with the empty mind ground underlying both manifestations (Vimalakirti). Again, "Neither attached to the void - or hindered by phenomena". The question becomes one of path of access - but the method (returning thoughts to their empty essence) is the same. Within China, the "Dao" (Way) is used interchangeably to refer to the "path" and the "destination". Sometimes, this distinction is subtle and the nuance is lost in translation. Still, Charles Luk, who read copious amounts of Daoist texts, and was of the opinion that the Dao De Jing is the essence of all Daoist teaching. Placing the opening chapters into into a coherent and relevant English-language context is still an ongoing process. Many shuffle the words around - copying one another's translations. The assumption is that what came before is "correct" and that these conventions simply require re-organising. The problem is that these "assumptions" may not be correct, precise, or even relevant. First principles must be re-established time and time again as a better understanding develops. Many are surprised, as they understandably work from a select number of translations - forming an integrative understanding - but when they see the original Chinese text and look at the literal meaning, quite often there is a slippage of meaning. The problem with personal development within Ch'an is the detaching from the external, the penetrating of the empty mind ground within, and then the integration of the two - which is easier said than done. Many ignore this difficulty as its recognition might take away the momentum of developmental purpose. Even after penetrating the empty mind ground - and when living in the material world - "klesa" (defilements) bubble-up in the mid-mind (that is the cognitive space between the empty mind ground and the material world of perception in the fore-mind) as responses to phenomenal reality. These reactions, as you know, are good, bad. and neutral, and the bread and butter of everyday life. In other words, the waves of "change" are incessant, ongoing, and never-ending.As they unfold - we change and mature. Experience equals process. It is interesting that when people meet - they swap stories of "change" - perhaps this is the currency of human communication - and the reason the ancient Chinese people developed an entire Classical Text dedicated to its interpretation. The main text of the Book of Change (Yijing) the oldest parts - do not use the term "Dao" - which begins with the Commentaries associated with Confucius (or his disciples and followers - perhaps even relatives). I suppose everything has an origin. Best Wishes
Adrian Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection is elegant. Sometimes individuals mistakenly assume that evolution moves only in one direction only – as if for change to be valid it must be ‘progressive’ in a non-stop trajectory of development. The reality is something quite different. In fact, evolution occurs just as much by ‘regression’ as it does by ‘progression’ - such is the random nature of its unfolding. The human big-toe, for example, is actually a ‘deformed’ thumb similar that found on the human-hand today. At one time in human development, an early version of ‘us’ could climb trees and hold onto branches with the minimum of effort early in our development – similar to chimpanzees and other extant monkeys. However, when early humans took to pedal walking upright (along the ground), the thumbs on the ‘lower hands’ quite literally ‘devolved’ into a far more rigid ‘toe’ to aid balance and stability whilst standing, walking and running on two legs. This development ‘freed’ the human-hands to develop all kinds of dextrous activities which resulted in tool-making and the beginnings of the transformation of the environment. Positive developments within human evolutionary development, therefore, are not always ‘progressive’, and yet such ‘negative’ changes make way for some quite stunning improvements in human-activity and thought-processing, etc. This observation can be applied to the individual with regards self-cultivation. Not every change in life is ‘positive’ or necessarily ‘conducive’ to well-being or progression, and yet if used in an appropriate manner, can be adapted to advance our psycho-physical developments outside of our perceived safety zones. Sometimes, for human-beings to develop more completely, it is the ‘uncomfortable’ and the ‘unthinkable’ that must be embraced and treated like a long-lost friend. To achieve this, as individuals we must bravely advance into situations that usually we would possess no possible reason to be associated with. Many people, living in the modern world, are trained from birth to prefer those situations that confuse them least. Inherently, this also means that we tend to choose to live in situations that challenge us least. In a very subtle manner, we avoid the very challenges and conditions that would develop us the most, if only we allowed ourselves to manifest within them. Fear of failure, fear of suffering and fear of ridicule often keeps us from bravely exposing us to situations whereby we would not ‘voluntarily’ venture. Perhaps it is helping a homeless person covered in lice, urine and excreta, or assisting a disabled person with no social skills. It could be less obvious than this – such as mingling with those who hold intolerable ideological or political ideas. It could be an atheist mixing with a religionists – or a Socialist with a fascist, etc. My point is that sometimes, we must not artificially shut ourselves off from various realities just because we do not ‘like’ or ‘prefer’ them. Compassion and loving kindness work best when applied in situations and circumstance where neither of these attributes are thought to exist. If we firmly understand whatever spiritual, political or social reality we subscribe to, then our reasoning and logic should be so strong that exposure to contradictory ideas and situations should not ‘weaken’ but only ‘strengthen’ our resolve. Difference, although very real and tangible, should not be considered as an excuse for walling ourselves off from expressing a greater love for humanity whilst cultivating an insight into the spiritual essence of all reality. The Daoist sage Zhuangzi once said that a truly enlightened being must be indifferent to praise or blame – surely the only way to test this is to voluntarily enter into situations where we would usually never choose to enter. We must bring ‘light’ to the darkest corners of the Earth through such undertakings!
Avoiding the Ten Evil Acts (Dasa Akusala)
A) The Three Evil Acts Associated with the Bodily-Action: 1) Killing 2) Stealing 3) Adultery B) The Four Evil Acts Associated with Speech: 4) Lying 5) Slander 6) Harsh Words 7) Profitless Talk C) The Three Evil Acts Associated with the Mind: 8) Greed 9) Hatred 10) Delusion As Buddhism is a Form of Mental Hygiene – the Following Must Be Uprooted through Meditation: 1) Greed (Abhijjha), 2) Hatred (Vyapada), 3) Ill-Will (Kodha), 4) Enmity (Upanaha), 5) Belittling (Makkha), 6) Pretension (Palasa), 7) Envy (Issa), 8) Jealously (Macchariya), 9) Hypocrisy (Maya), 10) Craftiness (Satheyya), 11) Obduracy (Thambha), 12) Vieing (Sarambha), 13) Conceit (Mana), 14) Haughtiness (Atimana), 15) Infatuation (Mada), and 16) Unheedfulness (Pamada). As these ‘darken the mind’ they must be ‘uprooted’. Ten Moral Acts (Dasa Kusala) 1) Giving (Dana), 2) Moral Conduct (Sila), Meditation (Bhavana), 4) Respecting the Worthy (Apacayana), 5) Ministering to the Worthy (Veyvavacca), 6) Offering Merit (Pattidana), 7) Partakingbof Merit (Pattanumodana), 8) Hearing the Teaching (Dhammasavana), 9) Teaching the Dhamma (Dhamma Desana) and 10) Rectification of False Views (Ditthijjukamma). The reality of living in the material world is entirely a matter of casual circumstance. Most people make their way through life in any way they can, regardless of the inherent conditions (good, neutral or bad, etc). The Ch’an masters in the old days were very strict and did not care whatsoever about casual circumstance. Their main emphasis was only to direct the attention ‘inward’ so that the empty mind ground can be fully cognised and integrated with. There is no gossip or discussion tolerated about the nature of the times, with only ‘looking within’ viewed as a valid approach to existence. The Ch’an masters advised that we must ‘adjust ourselves to circumstance’, whilst the mind is turned inward and the interior of conscious awareness illuminated through continuous concentration. This is the essence of the Buddha’s method. Master Xu Yun (1840-1959) lived an extraordinary life and was involved in very important times in historical development, but he was continuously ‘indifferent’ to what was happening around him, whilst taking every ‘correct’ action that was required at the time. Looking within with strength and purpose is not a denial of material reality, but is the acknowledgement of the Buddha’s method. The Ch’an method is nothing but the direct realisation of the empty mind ground so that it becomes the place of permanent abode – an abode which generates loving-kindness, compassion and wisdom! |
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